ipamorelin comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Updated 2025-07-29. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Activity is mediated mainly through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, now generally called the ghrelin receptor or GHS-R1a. Binding at this G-protein-coupled receptor triggers phospholipase C signaling, calcium mobilization, and release of growth hormone from pituitary somatotrophs. Reports describe less pronounced stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin compared with earlier secretagogues such as hexarelin or GHRP-6. Selectivity figures vary between assay systems, so the degree of separation from other secretagogues is an area of ongoing comparison rather than a fixed constant.
In animal and early human studies, ipamorelin produces pulsatile growth hormone release and a secondary rise in insulin-like growth factor 1. The magnitude and duration of that rise depend on route, sampling schedule, and the baseline endocrine state of the subject. Whether repeated exposure alters the response over time is not firmly settled, since some reports describe stable pulsatility while others note attenuation. Most published data come from small samples, which limits the strength of any general claim about long-term behavior.
Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide that belongs to the growth hormone secretagogue class of compounds. Its sequence is Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, a structure that differs from natural ghrelin in length and in the presence of non-natural amino acid residues. Early laboratory work described it as a comparatively selective agent that stimulates growth hormone release with limited effect on other pituitary hormones. The compound is supplied as a lyophilized solid for research use and has no identified natural source in the body.
Compared with older secretagogues such as hexarelin or GHRP-6, ipamorelin shows weaker stimulation of cortisol, prolactin, and appetite in the animal models used for early characterization. Whether that selectivity is preserved across longer human exposures remains an open question, because published clinical data are limited in size and duration. Reported effects on food intake are generally described as modest. The compound is therefore treated in the literature as a relatively selective research tool rather than a fully characterized therapeutic agent.
Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide that belongs to the growth hormone secretagogue class of compounds. Researchers at a pharmaceutical company first described it in the 1990s while screening small peptides for growth hormone releasing activity. Its chain contains five amino acid residues, two of which are non-natural building blocks, including 2-aminoisobutyric acid and a naphthylalanine derivative. The molecule was designed to act at the ghrelin receptor while avoiding several effects observed with earlier secretagogues.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Peptide class | Synthetic pentapeptide | GHS-R1a agonist family |
| Receptor target | Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) | G-protein-coupled receptor |
| Sequence length | Five amino acid residues | Includes non-natural residues |
| Primary reported output | Pulsatile growth hormone release | Observed in animal and early human work |
| Molecular formula | C38H49N9O5 | Corresponds to roughly 711.9 g/mol |
Selectivity distinguishes ipamorelin from first-generation secretagogues such as GHRP-6. At doses that reliably raise growth hormone, it shows little stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone or cortisol release in animal models, and it does not markedly raise prolactin or appetite. Binding at GHS-R1a on pituitary somatotrophs triggers calcium influx and pulsatile growth hormone secretion. Because the compound mimics the natural ghrelin signal, the release pattern tends to follow the body's own rhythm rather than producing a sustained elevation.
Most published work on ipamorelin comes from rodent studies and small early-phase human trials. Subcutaneous and intravenous routes have been used, while oral delivery is limited by poor absorption and rapid breakdown in the gut. The reported plasma half-life is short, on the order of two hours, and varies with species and assay method. Whether chronic use produces meaningful clinical benefit remains unresolved, and long-term safety data in humans are sparse. No major regulatory agency has approved the compound as a therapeutic drug.
Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide that acts on the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, also known as the ghrelin receptor. Its sequence contains five amino acid residues, including a non-natural residue that increases stability against enzymatic breakdown. The compound was developed in the 1990s as part of research into small peptides that stimulate pituitary hormone release. Unlike larger protein hormones, it can be produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis and characterized by standard analytical methods.
At the receptor level, ipamorelin binds GHS-R1a and triggers signaling through Gq-coupled pathways. Activation leads to calcium release and downstream effects in pituitary somatotroph cells. These events promote the release of growth hormone into circulation. The response depends on the presence of the receptor and on the physiological state of the animal or tissue studied. Because the receptor is also found in other tissues, effects beyond the pituitary have been examined in laboratory models, though the extent of those effects remains an area of ongoing study.
Ipamorelin 是一种合成五肽，在 20 世纪 90 年代被报道为生长激素促分泌剂。其结构基于胃饥饿素受体激动剂的设计思路，但并非天然激素。早期药理学研究显示，它可刺激垂体释放生长激素，而对应激激素轴的影响相对较小。该化合物常被用作研究生长激素调节通路的工具分子。
在机制层面，ipamorelin 与生长激素促分泌受体 1a 型结合，该受体也介导胃饥饿素的多种效应。受体激活后，细胞内信号促进生长激素从垂体前叶释放。由于对促肾上腺皮质激素和皮质醇的刺激较弱，它被视为选择性较高的促分泌剂。这种选择性在动物模型和少量人体研究中被观察到，但人体数据仍然有限。
现有文献多来自小规模、短期的研究，涉及生长激素缺乏、术后肠麻痹等方向。长期使用是否导致受体脱敏，以及重复给药后效应是否衰减，仍属开放问题。不同研究之间的剂量、给药途径和受试者特征差异较大，因此结论外推需谨慎。关于临床获益的确切证据尚不充分，需要更大规模的对照试验来澄清。
Storage recommendations for the dry solid center on low temperature and low moisture, most often -20 °C in a sealed, desiccated container protected from light. Solutions are less stable than the powder and are usually kept cold and used within a short window. Freeze-thaw cycling is a recognized source of loss, and aliquoting before freezing is a standard precaution. These practices derive from general peptide handling principles rather than from a single published stability trial, so exact shelf lives should be treated as approximate.
Analytical confirmation relies on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, often coupled to mass spectrometry for identity and purity assessment. Mass spectrometry distinguishes the intact molecule from truncation products and from oxidation or deamidation variants that share similar chromatographic retention. Immunoassays appear in some biological studies but can cross-react with related peptides, so they are weaker tools for identity work. Reported purity figures depend heavily on the gradient, detector, and integration method used, which complicates direct comparison between laboratories.
=== Soviet Union === One result of the Tehran Conference in November 1943 was an invitation for an Anglo-American scientific mission to visit the Soviet Union. The British team consisted of Florey and Sanders; the American of Albert Baird Hastings and Michael Boris Shimkin. After a month's travel via North Africa and Iran, they reached Moscow on 23 January 1944, where they met Soviet microbiologist Zinaida Yermolyeva. Florey gave her samples of penicillin, and she gave him a sample of the antibiotic Gramicidin S. He arrived back at Oxford on 29 March 1944.
Molecular biomarkers have been defined as biomarkers that can be discovered using basic and acceptable platforms such as genomics and proteomics. Many genomic and proteomics techniques are available for biomarker discovery and a few techniques that are recently being used can be found on that page. Apart from genomics and proteomics platforms biomarker assay techniques, metabolomics, lipidomics, glycomics, and secretomics are the most commonly used as techniques in identification of biomarkers. Biomarkers can be classified on their clinical applications as molecular biomarkers, cellular biomarkers or imaging biomarkers. Four of the main types of molecular biomarkers are genomic biomarkers, transcriptomic biomarkers, proteomic biomarkers and metabolic biomarkers.
To address specific nutritional needs of individual patients, several providers of IDPN therapy developed formulations that take clinical variables into account in order to best fit the patient's individual needs and condition. Specific formulations address distinct differences between nutritional needs of those patients who exhibit protein malnutrition and those patients who exhibit calorie malnutrition. Nutrition Clinical nutrition
Hydrogel from wood-based nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) is used as a matrix for 3D cell culture, providing a three-dimensional environment that more closely resembles the conditions found in living tissue. As plant based material, it does not contain any human- or animal-derived components. Nanocellulose is instead derived from wood pulp that has been processed to create extremely small, nanoscale fibers. These fibers can be used to create a hydrogel, which is a type of material that is made up of a network of cross-linked polymer chains and is able to hold large amounts of water. As the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) is important in the survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of the cells, hydrogels mimicking natural ECM structure are considered as potential approaches towards in vivo –like cell culturing.
Clostridium tetani produces tetanus toxin (TeNT protein), which leads to a fatal condition known as tetanus in many vertebrates (including humans). Tetanus toxin is produced from Clostridium tetani, a spore forming bacteria commonly found in soil, Tetanus is a paralytic disease that commonly affects newborns and non-immunized individuals. Tetanus enters the body of organisms through wounds or skin breaks and can be found in manure, soil, and dust. Tetanus mechanism includes tetanus preventing the transmission of glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid from inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord, leading to activation of motor neurons causing contraction (known as spastic paralysis). It can also cause dysautonomia through a similar process that leads to autonomic dysinhibition. When tetanus toxin enters the body it is taken up by cholinergic nerve endings travel through axons into the spinal cord, the toxin is subsequently released from motor neurons and reuptaken into inhibitory nerve terminals triggering loss of inhibition and exaggerated reflexes in intoxicated individuals. Tetanus intoxication is a vaccine preventable illness.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Properties == Actinium is a soft, silvery-white, radioactive, metallic element. Its estimated shear modulus is similar to that of lead. Owing to its strong radioactivity, actinium glows in the dark with a pale blue light, which originates from the surrounding air ionized by the emitted energetic particles. Actinium has similar chemical properties to lanthanum and other lanthanides, and therefore these elements are difficult to separate when extracting from uranium ores. Solvent extraction and ion chromatography are commonly used for the separation. The first element of the actinides, actinium, gave the set its name, much as lanthanum had done for the lanthanides. The actinides are much more diverse than the lanthanides and therefore it was not until 1945 that the most significant change to Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table since the recognition of the lanthanides, the introduction of the actinides, was generally accepted after Glenn T. Seaborg's research on the transuranium elements (although it had been proposed as early as 1892 by British chemist Henry Bassett). Actinium reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in air, forming a white coating of actinium oxide that impedes further oxidation. As with most lanthanides and actinides, actinium exists in the oxidation state +3, and the Ac3+ ions are colorless in solutions. The oxidation state +3 originates from the [Rn] 6d17s2 electronic configuration of actinium, with three valence electrons that are easily donated to give the stable closed-shell structure of the noble gas radon.
Biguanides reduce hepatic glucose output and increase uptake of glucose by the periphery, including skeletal muscle. Although it must be used with caution in patients with impaired liver or kidney function, Metformin, a biguanide, has become the most commonly used agent for type 2 diabetes in children and teenagers. Among common diabetic drugs, Metformin is the only widely used oral drug that does not cause weight gain. Typical reduction in glycated hemoglobin (A1C) values for Metformin is 1.5–2.0%
==== Marsupials ==== Order Didelphimorphia Family Didelphidae (opossums) Monodelphis domestica, gray short-tailed opossum (2007) Order Dasyuromorphia Family Dasyuridae Antechinus stuartii, brown antechinus (2020) Sarcophilus harrisii, Tasmanian devil () Sminthopsis crassicaudata, fat-tailed dunnart (ongoing) Dasyurus hallucatus, northern quoll (ongoing) Family Myrmecobiidae Myrmecobius fasciatus, numbat (ongoing) † Family Thylacinidae † Thylacinus cynocephalus, thylacine () Order Peramelemorphia Family Peramelidae Perameles gunnii, eastern barred bandicoot (ongoing) Family Thylacomyidae Macrotis lagotis, greater bilby (ongoing) Order Notoryctemorphia, Family Notoryctidae Notoryctes typhlops, southern marsupial mole (ongoing) Order Diprotodontia Family Macropodidae Macropus eugenii, tammar wallaby (2011) Petrogale penicillata, brush-tailed rock-wallaby (ongoing) Family Potoroidae Bettongia gaimardi, eastern bettong (ongoing) Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi, woylie (2021) Family Petauridae Gymnobelideus leadbeateri, Leadbeater's possum (ongoing) Family Burramyidae Burramys parvus, mountain pygmy possum (ongoing) Family Vombatidae Vombatus ursinus, common wombat (ongoing) Family Phascolarctidae Phascolarctos cinereus, koala (2013 draft)
Purpura () is a condition of red or purple discolored spots on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. The spots are caused by bleeding underneath the skin secondary to platelet disorders, vascular disorders, coagulation disorders, or other causes. They measure 3–10 mm, whereas petechiae measure less than 3 mm, and ecchymoses greater than 1 cm. Purpura is common with typhus and can be present with meningitis caused by meningococci or septicaemia. In particular, meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis), a Gram-negative diplococcus organism, releases endotoxin when it lyses. Endotoxin activates the Hageman factor (clotting factor XII), which causes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The DIC is what appears as a rash on the affected individual.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
While Peyronie's disease is neither infectious nor malignant, it can have serious negative effects on sexual health and quality of life. It is diagnosed mainly on the clinical presentation supplemented by penile ultrasonography if necessary. Treatment depends on the phase and severity of the disease with conservative measures (e.g., oral therapy, traction, intralesional injection) in the milder and stable forms to surgical intervention for the advanced or stable ones. The condition is named for French surgeon François Gigot de la Peyronie, who in 1743 described the condition.
Afonsoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Afonsoconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Africonus Petuch, 1975: synonym of Conus (Lautoconus) Monterosato, 1923 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Arubaconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Ductoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Asprella Schaufuss, 1869: synonym of Conus (Asprella) Schaufuss, 1869 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Atlanticonus Petuch & Sargent, 2012: synonym of Conus (Atlanticonus) Petuch & Sargent, 2012 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Attenuiconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Attenuiconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Austroconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 synonym of Conus (Austroconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Bathyconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Fusiconus) Thiele, 1929, represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Bermudaconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Bermudaconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Boucheticonus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conasprella (Boucheticonus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Brasiliconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Brasiliconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Calamiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Lividoconus) Wils, 1970 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Calibanus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Calibanus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Cariboconus Petuch, 2003: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Californiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 Chelyconus Mörch, 1852: synonym of Conus (Chelyconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Cleobula Iredale, 1930: synonym of Dendroconus Swainson, 1840 Coltroconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conasprella (Coltroconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Conasprella Thiele, 1929: accepted name Conasprelloides Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 † Conilithes Swainson, 1840 Continuconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 Conus Linnaeus, 1758: accepted name Cornutoconus Suzuki, 1972: synonym of Taranteconus Azuma, 1972 Coronaxis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Conus (Conus) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Cucullus Röding, 1798: synonym of Conus (Conus) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Cylinder Montfort, 1810: synonym of Conus (Cylinder) Montfort, 1810 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Cylindrella Swainson, 1840: synonym of Asprella Schaufuss, 1869synonym of Conus (Asprella) Schaufuss, 1869 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Cylindrus Batsch, 1789: synonym of Cylinder Montfort, 1810synonym of Conus (Cylinder) Montfort, 1810 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Dalliconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Dalliconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 synonym of Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Darioconus Iredale, 1930: synonym of Conus (Darioconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Dauciconus Cotton, 1945: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Dendroconus Swainson, 1840: synonym of Conus (Dendroconus) Swainson, 1840 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Ductoconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Ductoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Duodenticonus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conasprella (Conasprella) Thiele, 1929 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Dyraspis Iredale, 1949: synonym of Conus (Virroconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Elisaconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Elisaconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Embrikena Iredale, 1937: synonym of Conus (Embrikena) Iredale, 1937 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Endemoconus Iredale, 1931: synonym of Conasprella (Endemoconus) Iredale, 1931 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Eremiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Eremiconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Erythroconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Darioconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Eugeniconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Eugeniconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Floraconus Iredale, 1930: synonym of Conus (Floraconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Fraterconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Fraterconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Fulgiconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Fumiconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conasprella (Fusiconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Fusiconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conasprella (Fusiconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Gastridium Modeer, 1793: synonym of Conus (Gastridium) Modeer, 1793 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Genuanoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Gladioconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Monteiroconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Globiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Ximeniconus) Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Gradiconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Graphiconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Harmoniconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Harmoniconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Hermes Montfort, 1810: synonym of Conus (Hermes) Montfort, 1810 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Heroconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Isoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Jaspidiconus Petuch, 2004: synonym of Conasprella (Ximeniconus) Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Kalloconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Kellyconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Kellyconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Kenyonia Brazier, 1896: genus incertae sedis Kermasprella Powell, 1958: synonym of Conasprella (Endemoconus) Iredale, 1931 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Ketyconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Floraconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Kioconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Klemaeconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Klemaeconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Kohniconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Kohniconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Kurodaconus Shikama & Habe, 1968: synonym of Conus (Turriconus) Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Lamniconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Lamniconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Lautoconus Monterosato, 1923: synonym of Conus (Lautoconus) Monterosato, 1923 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Leporiconus Iredale, 1930: synonym of Conus (Leporiconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Leptoconus Swainson, 1840: synonym of Conus (Leptoconus) Swainson, 1840 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Lilliconus Raybaudi Massilia, 1994: synonym of Conasprella (Lilliconus) G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Lindaconus Petuch, 2002: synonym of Conus (Lindaconus) Petuch, 2002 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Lithoconus Mörch, 1852: synonym of Conus (Lithoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Lividoconus Wils, 1970: synonym of Conus (Lividoconus) Wils, 1970 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Lizaconus da Motta, 1991synonym of Profundiconus Kuroda, 1956 Magelliconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Malagasyconus Monnier & Tenorio, 2015 Mamiconus Cotton & Godfrey, 1932: synonym of Endemoconus Iredale, 1931synonym of Conasprella (Endemoconus) Iredale, 1931 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Miliariconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Virroconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Mitraconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Turriconus) Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Monteiroconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Monteiroconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Nataliconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Leptoconus) Swainson, 1840 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Nimboconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Nitidoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Ongoconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Papyriconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Papyriconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Parviconus Cotton & Godfrey, 1932: synonym of Conasprella (Parviconus) Cotton & Godfrey, 1932 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Perplexiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Ximeniconus) Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Phasmoconus Mörch, 1852: synonym of Conus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Pionoconus Mörch, 1852: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Plicaustraconus Moolenbeek, 2008: synonym of Conus (Plicaustraconus) Moolenbeek, 2008 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Poremskiconus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Profundiconus Kuroda, 1956: accepted name Protoconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Tenorioconus Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011 Protostrioconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Gastridium) Modeer, 1793 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Pseudoconorbis Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Pseudoconorbis) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Pseudohermes Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Virgiconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Pseudolilliconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Pseudolilliconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Pseudonoduloconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Pseudonoduloconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Pseudopterygia Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Pseudopterygia) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Puncticulis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Conus (Puncticulis) Swainson, 1840 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Purpuriconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Pygmaeconus Puillandre & Tenorio, 2017 Pyruconus Olsson, 1967: synonym of Conus (Pyruconus) Olsson, 1967 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Quasiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Quasiconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Regiconus Iredale, 1930: synonym of Conus (Darioconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Rhizoconus Mörch, 1852: synonym of Conus (Rhizoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Rhombiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Rhombus Montfort, 1810: synonym of Rhombiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, synonym of Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Rolaniconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Strategoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Rollus Montfort, 1810 :synonym of Conus (Gastridium) Modeer, 1793 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Rubroconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Conus (Rubroconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Sandericonus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Sandericonus) Petuch, 2013 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Sciteconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Sciteconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Seminoleconus Petuch, 2003: synonym of Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Socioconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Splinoconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Spuriconus Petuch, 2003: synonym of Conus (Lindaconus) Petuch, 2002 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Stellaconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Stephanoconus Mörch, 1852: synonym of Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Strategoconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Strategoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Strioconus Thiele, 1929: synonym of Pionoconus Mörch, 1852, synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Sulciconus Bielz, 1869: synonym of Asprella Schaufuss, 1869, synonym of Conus (Asprella) Schaufuss, 1869 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Taranteconus Azuma, 1972: synonym of Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Tenorioconus Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011: synonym of Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Tesselliconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Tesselliconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Textilia Swainson, 1840: synonym of Conus (Textilia) Swainson, 1840 represented Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Thalassiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of Calibanus da Motta, 1991, synonym of Conus (Calibanus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Theliconus Swainson, 1840: synonym of Hermes Montfort, 1810, synonym of Conus (Hermes) Montfort, 1810 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Thoraconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Fulgiconus da Motta, 1991, synonym of Conus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Trovaoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, synonym of Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Tuckericonus Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Tuliparia Swainson, 1840: synonym of Gastridium Modeer, 1793, synonym of Conus (Gastridium) Modeer, 1793 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Turriconus Shikama & Habe, 1968, synonym of Conus (Turriconus) Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Utriculus Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Gastridium Modeer, 1793, synonym of Conus (Gastridium) Modeer, 1793 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Varioconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Lautoconus) Monterosato, 1923 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Viminiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Fusiconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Virgiconus Cotton, 1945: synonym of Conus (Virgiconus) Cotton, 1945 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Virroconus Iredale, 1930: synonym of Conus (Virroconus) Iredale, 1930 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Vituliconus da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus (Strategoconus) da Motta, 1991 represented as Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Ximeniconus Emerson & Old, 1962: synonym of Conasprella (Ximeniconus) Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929 Yeddoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of Conasprella (Endemoconus) Iredale, 1931 represented as Conasprella Thiele, 1929
=== Resale controversy === Under a resale arrangement, the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) offered Abu Dhabi-based firm, Aurugulf Health Investments the exclusive rights to sell the Sputnik V coronavirus vaccine. According to media reports, the vaccine was intended to be sold to a host of countries at huge premiums. As per documents reviewed by The Moscow Times, Emirati Sheikh Ahmed Dalmook al-Maktoum, a Dubai royal, worked as the middleman for reselling millions of Sputnik V vaccine doses to countries in dire need of COVID-19 vaccine at a higher premium. Corporate registry data showed that one of the two entities controlling Aurugulf is Royal Group, a conglomerate headed by UAE national security advisor, Sheikh Tahnoon bin Zayed al-Nahyan. Acquired documents, interviews with officials and buyer data showed that countries like Pakistan, Guyana, which were on the receiving end of the vaccine from the UAE, were coerced to pay more than double the price advertised by Russia. The same deal was further used for reselling 1 million Sputnik V vaccine doses by the Emirati royal Sheikh Ahmed Dalmook al-Maktoum to Kenya for huge mark-ups. However, the deal eventually failed as Nairobi learnt of the first shipment consisting of 75,000 doses not coming directly from Russia.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic pentapeptide in the growth hormone secretagogue family and acts as an agonist at the ghrelin receptor. It is handled as a laboratory research compound rather than a naturally occurring hormone.
Studies generally report growth hormone as the dominant output, with smaller or absent effects on adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin. The size of that separation depends on the assay and the dose examined, so it is best described as relative selectivity.
No natural source has been identified, and the molecule is produced by chemical synthesis. Its non-natural residues distinguish it from endogenous ghrelin even though both engage the same receptor.
It is a synthetic pentapeptide in the growth hormone secretagogue family. The chain contains five residues, two of which are non-natural amino acids.